Python源码剖析—统一内存管理

(图片来自: https://nodefe.com/implement-of-pymalloc-from-source/)
arena、pool和block

Python的对象分配器将内存分为三个维度，从大到小叫做arena、pool以及blcok。
arena

一个arena分为两个部分。管理部分arena_object，每次需要创建一个arena时，先创建一个arena_object结构放入arenas数组。然后再申请256KB内存作为arena管理的内存部分。arena_object和arena的内存是分开的，通过域address标记。
pool

将arena的内存按照4KB再划分则为一个个pool。每个pool也分为两部分，内存的高端为pool_header用于管理分配出去的block、回收的block以及从来没有被分配出去的block；剩余的内存作为另一部分再被分为一个个block。每个pool一旦使用只能分配固定个数的block。pool的两部分在同一个连续的页内。
pool会有三种状态：
used: 部分block被分配出去，另一部分还未被分配出去。该状态的pool会被放入usedpools中以加快搜寻可用pool的速度。如果used的pool中的最后的block也被分配出去则pool进入full状态，并且从usedpool中去掉。如果used的pool中的block全被回收则pool进入empty状态，并且从usedpool中去掉放入arena中的freepools链表中。
empy: 所有的block都没有被分配出去。有两种可能，一种是pool中的block都被回收了，从used状态转变而来，这样的pool放入arena的freepools链表中；另外一种是随着arena初始化而来，此时还没有作为pool存在，只是作为arena中没有被使用的内存部分。
full: 所有的block被分配出去了。不存在任何链表中，当有block被回收时进入used状态再放入usedpool中。
block

block是内存管理的最小单位，每次分配需要按照block对齐。每次分配和回收都是固定个数的block。当内存被回收时，所有的内存会放入pool中的链表freeblocks中。没有被分配出去的block存在两个地方，一部分从来没有被分配出去过，通过nextofset表明空闲的block的起始地址；另一部分是分配出去又被回收，会被放入freeblocks中。
被回收的block会将头部作为指针链接下一个被回收的block
1 2	(block )ob = freeblocks freeblocks = &ob
pool的种类

按照每次可以分配的block的个数，pool被分为几种类型(block size)，同时也是其在usedpool中的序号(szidx)。每页为4KB，每个8个block1算作一组，所以pool最多有64个类型。具体可以参见下面代码注释。
python的obmalloc.c源码注释

Objects/obmalloc.c
#include "Python.h"
#if defined(__has_feature)  /* Clang */
 #if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)  /* is ASAN enabled? */
  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS \
        __attribute__((no_address_safety_analysis)) \
        __attribute__ ((noinline))
 #else
  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
 #endif
#else
 #if defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__)  /* GCC 4.8.x, is ASAN enabled? */
  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS \
        __attribute__((no_address_safety_analysis)) \
        __attribute__ ((noinline))
 #else
  #define ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
 #endif
#endif
#ifdef WITH_PYMALLOC
#ifdef HAVE_MMAP
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
  #define ARENAS_USE_MMAP
 #endif
#endif
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
#include <valgrind/valgrind.h>
/* If we're using GCC, use __builtin_expect() to reduce overhead of
   the valgrind checks */
#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 2) && defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
#  define UNLIKELY(value) __builtin_expect((value), 0)
#else
#  define UNLIKELY(value) (value)
#endif
/* -1 indicates that we haven't checked that we're running on valgrind yet. */
static int running_on_valgrind = -1;
#endif
/* An object allocator for Python.
   Here is an introduction to the layers of the Python memory architecture,
   showing where the object allocator is actually used (layer +2), It is
   called for every object allocation and deallocation (PyObject_New/Del),
   unless the object-specific allocators implement a proprietary allocation
   scheme (ex.: ints use a simple free list). This is also the place where
   the cyclic garbage collector operates selectively on container objects.
 * -2层为物理存储器
 * -1层为操作系统的内存管理子系统
 *  0层为C语言库的内存分配器：例如malloc\free
 *  1层Python对0层的简单封装：主要解决标准C语言未定义清楚的情况，例如malloc(0)
 *  2层Python统一对象分配器：下面讲到的内存管理主要在这一层次
 *  3层Python的各对象分配器：每个类型自己管理类型对象的分配和回收，实际上就是缓存
    Object-specific allocators
    _____   ______   ______       ________
   [ int ] [ dict ] [ list ] ... [ string ]       Python core         |
+3 | <----- Object-specific memory -----> | <-- Non-object memory --> |
    _______________________________       |                           |
   [   Python's object allocator   ]      |                           |
+2 | ####### Object memory ####### | <------ Internal buffers ------> |
    ______________________________________________________________    |
   [          Python's raw memory allocator (PyMem_ API)          ]   |
+1 | <----- Python memory (under PyMem manager's control) ------> |   |
    __________________________________________________________________
   [    Underlying general-purpose allocator (ex: C library malloc)   ]
 0 | <------ Virtual memory allocated for the python process -------> |
   =========================================================================
    _______________________________________________________________________
   [                OS-specific Virtual Memory Manager (VMM)               ]
-1 | <--- Kernel dynamic storage allocation & management (page-based) ---> |
    __________________________________   __________________________________
   [                                  ] [                                  ]
-2 | <-- Physical memory: ROM/RAM --> | | <-- Secondary storage (swap) --> |
*/
/*==========================================================================*/
/* A fast, special-purpose memory allocator for small blocks, to be used
   on top of a general-purpose malloc -- heavily based on previous art. */
/* Vladimir Marangozov -- August 2000 */
/*
 * "Memory management is where the rubber meets the road -- if we do the wrong
 * thing at any level, the results will not be good. And if we don't make the
 * levels work well together, we are in serious trouble." (1)
 *
 * (1) Paul R. Wilson, Mark S. Johnstone, Michael Neely, and David Boles,
 *    "Dynamic Storage Allocation: A Survey and Critical Review",
 *    in Proc. 1995 Int'l. Workshop on Memory Management, September 1995.
 */
/* #undef WITH_MEMORY_LIMITS */         /* disable mem limit checks  */
/*==========================================================================*/
/*
 * Allocation strategy abstract:
 *
 * For small requests, the allocator sub-allocates <Big> blocks of memory.
 * Requests greater than SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD bytes are routed to the
 * system's allocator. 
 *
 * Small requests are grouped in size classes spaced 8 bytes apart, due
 * to the required valid alignment of the returned address. Requests of
 * a particular size are serviced from memory pools of 4K (one VMM page).
 * Pools are fragmented on demand and contain free lists of blocks of one
 * particular size class. In other words, there is a fixed-size allocator
 * for each size class. Free pools are shared by the different allocators
 * thus minimizing the space reserved for a particular size class.
 *
 * This allocation strategy is a variant of what is known as "simple
 * segregated storage based on array of free lists". The main drawback of
 * simple segregated storage is that we might end up with lot of reserved
 * memory for the different free lists, which degenerate in time. To avoid
 * this, we partition each free list in pools and we share dynamically the
 * reserved space between all free lists. This technique is quite efficient
 * for memory intensive programs which allocate mainly small-sized blocks.
 *
 * 将内存按照大小分成(最多)64组，每8byte分为一组，每1个byte也叫1个block(uchar)。一个分配单元包含不等的block
 *
 * block: 1个block是一个字节(uchar)，内存分配的最小单位，只能分配整数个block的内存。实际上block只是一个抽象的概念或者说单位，没有实际的代码结构对应。
 *
 * 注意：这里面的size指请求的内存的大小nbytes；PyObject_Malloc代码中的size变量指请求的内存折算成的block个数(nblocks)。
 *
 * pool：1个pool包含一个pool_header和多个block。实际上就是pool的管理单元pool_header以及余下的可以分配出去的内存。同一个pool每次分配出去的内存都是固定数量的block，用szidx表示。szidx=1那么pool每次分配出16个block。1个pool实际上就是分配的一页4K内存，模型如下：
 *
 *  ---------------------------------------------------------
 * | pool_header  |用于对齐的废弃内存 |     可以分配的blocks|
 *  ---------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * For small requests we have the following table:
 *
 * Request in bytes     Size of allocated block      Size class idx
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *        1-8                     8                       0
 *        9-16                   16                       1
 *       17-24                   24                       2
 *       25-32                   32                       3
 *       33-40                   40                       4
 *       41-48                   48                       5
 *       49-56                   56                       6
 *       57-64                   64                       7
 *       65-72                   72                       8
 *        ...                   ...                     ...
 *      497-504                 504                      62
 *      505-512                 512                      63 
 *
 *      0, SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD + 1 and up: routed to the underlying
 *      allocator.
 */
/*==========================================================================*/
/*
 * -- Main tunable settings section --
 */
/*
 * Alignment of addresses returned to the user. 8-bytes alignment works
 * on most current architectures (with 32-bit or 64-bit address busses).
 * The alignment value is also used for grouping small requests in size
 * classes spaced ALIGNMENT bytes apart.
 *
 * You shouldn't change this unless you know what you are doing.
 */
#define ALIGNMENT               8               /* must be 2^N */
#define ALIGNMENT_SHIFT         3
#define ALIGNMENT_MASK          (ALIGNMENT - 1)
/* Return the number of bytes in size class I, as a uint. */
#define INDEX2SIZE(I) (((uint)(I) + 1) << ALIGNMENT_SHIFT)
/*
 * Max size threshold below which malloc requests are considered to be
 * small enough in order to use preallocated memory pools. You can tune
 * this value according to your application behaviour and memory needs.
 *
 * The following invariants must hold:
 *      1) ALIGNMENT <= SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD <= 512
 *      2) SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD is evenly divisible by ALIGNMENT
 *
 * Note: a size threshold of 512 guarantees that newly created dictionaries
 * will be allocated from preallocated memory pools on 64-bit.
 *
 * Although not required, for better performance and space efficiency,
 * it is recommended that SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD is set to a power of 2.
 *
 * SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD必须大于等于ALIGNMENT，不然内存管理无意义；
 * 必须小于等于512 是因为usedpools代码写死最多支持64个不同单位szidx的pools。
 */
#define SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD 512 
#define NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES   (SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD / ALIGNMENT)
/*
 * The system's VMM page size can be obtained on most unices with a
 * getpagesize() call or deduced from various header files. To make
 * things simpler, we assume that it is 4K, which is OK for most systems.
 * It is probably better if this is the native page size, but it doesn't
 * have to be.  In theory, if SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE is larger than the native page
 * size, then `POOL_ADDR(p)->arenaindex' could rarely cause a segmentation
 * violation fault.  4K is apparently OK for all the platforms that python
 * currently targets.
 */
#define SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE        (4 * 1024)
#define SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE_MASK   (SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE - 1)
/*
 * Maximum amount of memory managed by the allocator for small requests.
 */
#ifdef WITH_MEMORY_LIMITS
#ifndef SMALL_MEMORY_LIMIT
#define SMALL_MEMORY_LIMIT      (64 * 1024 * 1024)      /* 64 MB -- more? */
#endif
#endif
/*
 * The allocator sub-allocates <Big> blocks of memory (called arenas) aligned
 * on a page boundary. This is a reserved virtual address space for the
 * current process (obtained through a malloc()/mmap() call). In no way this
 * means that the memory arenas will be used entirely. A malloc(<Big>) is
 * usually an address range reservation for <Big> bytes, unless all pages within
 * this space are referenced subsequently. So malloc'ing big blocks and not
 * using them does not mean "wasting memory". It's an addressable range
 * wastage... 
 *
 * Arenas are allocated with mmap() on systems supporting anonymous memory
 * mappings to reduce heap fragmentation.
 *
 * arena：1个arena为256KB，每个arena中包含多个pool。1个arena中的pool(1个页)的szidx可以不同。
 * arena有3种组织结构：
 * 1. arenas数组，arena_object数组，arena_object.address是从系统请求的ARENA_SIZE内存的地址
 * 2. unused_arena_objects单向链表，链接所有空闲的arena
 * 3. usable_arenas双向链表，链接所有部分内存被分配出去的arena
 */
#define ARENA_SIZE              (256 << 10)     /* 256KB */
#ifdef WITH_MEMORY_LIMITS
#define MAX_ARENAS              (SMALL_MEMORY_LIMIT / ARENA_SIZE)
#endif
/*
 * Size of the pools used for small blocks. Should be a power of 2,
 * between 1K and SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE, that is: 1k, 2k, 4k.
 *
 * POOL的大小，一般为4K
 */
#define POOL_SIZE               SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE        /* must be 2^N */
#define POOL_SIZE_MASK          SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE_MASK
/*
 * -- End of tunable settings section --
 */
/*==========================================================================*/
/*
 * Locking
 *
 * To reduce lock contention, it would probably be better to refine the
 * crude function locking with per size class locking. I'm not positive
 * however, whether it's worth switching to such locking policy because
 * of the performance penalty it might introduce.
 *
 * The following macros describe the simplest (should also be the fastest)
 * lock object on a particular platform and the init/fini/lock/unlock
 * operations on it. The locks defined here are not expected to be recursive
 * because it is assumed that they will always be called in the order:
 * INIT, [LOCK, UNLOCK]*, FINI.
 */
/*
 * Python's threads are serialized, so object malloc locking is disabled.
 */
#define SIMPLELOCK_DECL(lock)   /* simple lock declaration              */
#define SIMPLELOCK_INIT(lock)   /* allocate (if needed) and initialize  */
#define SIMPLELOCK_FINI(lock)   /* free/destroy an existing lock        */
#define SIMPLELOCK_LOCK(lock)   /* acquire released lock */
#define SIMPLELOCK_UNLOCK(lock) /* release acquired lock */
/*
 * Basic types
 * I don't care if these are defined in <sys/types.h> or elsewhere. Axiom.
 */
#undef  uchar
#define uchar   unsigned char   /* assuming == 8 bits  */
#undef  uint
#define uint    unsigned int    /* assuming >= 16 bits */
#undef  ulong
#define ulong   unsigned long   /* assuming >= 32 bits */
#undef uptr
#define uptr    Py_uintptr_t
/* When you say memory, my mind reasons in terms of (pointers to) blocks */
typedef uchar block;
/* Pool for small blocks. */
struct pool_header {
    /* 用于对齐，使一个Pool的2个block处是nextpool。
     * 当pool回收时可以加快再分配 */
    union { block *_padding;
            uint count; } ref;          /* number of allocated blocks    */
    /* 1个Pool内未被分配出去的/回收的内存的链表 */
    block *freeblock;                   /* pool's free list head         */
    /* 链接相同szidx的pool，在不同的链表下作用不同 */
    struct pool_header *nextpool;       /* next pool of this size class  */
    struct pool_header *prevpool;       /* previous pool       ""        */
    /* 所处的arena在arenas数组中的小标
     * 当释放内存时用来判断给定的内存地址是否是由Pool分配出去的*/
    uint arenaindex;                    /* index into arenas of base adr */
    /* Pool每次只能分配指定szidx的blocks个内存 */
    uint szidx;                         /* block size class index        */
    /* 从来没有被分配出去的连续的剩余内存的偏移地址 */
    uint nextoffset;                    /* bytes to virgin block         */
    /* 可用内存的最大偏移量
    uint maxnextoffset;                 /* largest valid nextoffset      */
};
typedef struct pool_header *poolp;
/* Record keeping for arenas. */
struct arena_object {
    /* The address of the arena, as returned by malloc.  Note that 0
     * will never be returned by a successful malloc, and is used
     * here to mark an arena_object that doesn't correspond to an
     * allocated arena.
     */
    /*
     * 一个arena的内存起始值256KB
     */
    uptr address;
    /* Pool-aligned pointer to the next pool to be carved off. */
    /* 剩余的连续地址的pool的地址 */
    block* pool_address;
    /* The number of available pools in the arena:  free pools + never-
     * allocated pools.
     */
    /* 空闲的Pool数量, 被回收的pool的链表 */
    uint nfreepools;
    /* The total number of pools in the arena, whether or not available. */
    uint ntotalpools;
    /* Singly-linked list of available pools. */
    /* 空闲Pool的链表 */
    struct pool_header* freepools;
    /* Whenever this arena_object is not associated with an allocated
     * arena, the nextarena member is used to link all unassociated
     * arena_objects in the singly-linked `unused_arena_objects` list.
     * The prevarena member is unused in this case.
     *
     * When this arena_object is associated with an allocated arena
     * with at least one available pool, both members are used in the
     * doubly-linked `usable_arenas` list, which is maintained in
     * increasing order of `nfreepools` values.
     *
     * Else this arena_object is associated with an allocated arena
     * all of whose pools are in use.  `nextarena` and `prevarena`
     * are both meaningless in this case.
     */
    /* arena还有两种组织结构：
     * 第一种：unused_arena_objects
     * 第二种：usable_arenas 
    struct arena_object* nextarena;
    struct arena_object* prevarena;
};
#undef  ROUNDUP
#define ROUNDUP(x)              (((x) + ALIGNMENT_MASK) & ~ALIGNMENT_MASK)
#define POOL_OVERHEAD           ROUNDUP(sizeof(struct pool_header))
#define DUMMY_SIZE_IDX          0xffff  /* size class of newly cached pools */
/* Round pointer P down to the closest pool-aligned address <= P, as a poolp */
/* 给定free的内存地址，向上对齐找到所属的POOL */
#define POOL_ADDR(P) ((poolp)((uptr)(P) & ~(uptr)POOL_SIZE_MASK))
/* Return total number of blocks in pool of size index I, as a uint. */
/* POOL中有多少个block，(POOL_SIZE - pool_object的大小) / 分配单位的大小)
#define NUMBLOCKS(I) ((uint)(POOL_SIZE - POOL_OVERHEAD) / INDEX2SIZE(I))
/*==========================================================================*/
/*
 * This malloc lock
 */
SIMPLELOCK_DECL(_malloc_lock)
#define LOCK()          SIMPLELOCK_LOCK(_malloc_lock)
#define UNLOCK()        SIMPLELOCK_UNLOCK(_malloc_lock)
#define LOCK_INIT()     SIMPLELOCK_INIT(_malloc_lock)
#define LOCK_FINI()     SIMPLELOCK_FINI(_malloc_lock)
/*
 * Pool table -- headed, circular, doubly-linked lists of partially used pools.
This is involved.  For an index i, usedpools[i+i] is the header for a list of
all partially used pools holding small blocks with "size class idx" i. So
usedpools[0] corresponds to blocks of size 8, usedpools[2] to blocks of size
16, and so on:  index 2*i <-> blocks of size (i+1)<<ALIGNMENT_SHIFT.
Pools are carved off an arena's highwater mark (an arena_object's pool_address
member) as needed.  Once carved off, a pool is in one of three states forever
after:
used == partially used, neither empty nor full
    At least one block in the pool is currently allocated, and at least one
    block in the pool is not currently allocated (note this implies a pool
    has room for at least two blocks).
    This is a pool's initial state, as a pool is created only when malloc
    needs space.
    The pool holds blocks of a fixed size, and is in the circular list headed
    at usedpools[i] (see above).  It's linked to the other used pools of the
    same size class via the pool_header's nextpool and prevpool members.
    If all but one block is currently allocated, a malloc can cause a
    transition to the full state.  If all but one block is not currently
    allocated, a free can cause a transition to the empty state.
full == all the pool's blocks are currently allocated
    On transition to full, a pool is unlinked from its usedpools[] list.
    It's not linked to from anything then anymore, and its nextpool and
    prevpool members are meaningless until it transitions back to used.
    A free of a block in a full pool puts the pool back in the used state.
    Then it's linked in at the front of the appropriate usedpools[] list, so
    that the next allocation for its size class will reuse the freed block.
empty == all the pool's blocks are currently available for allocation
    On transition to empty, a pool is unlinked from its usedpools[] list,
    and linked to the front of its arena_object's singly-linked freepools list,
    via its nextpool member.  The prevpool member has no meaning in this case.
    Empty pools have no inherent size class:  the next time a malloc finds
    an empty list in usedpools[], it takes the first pool off of freepools.
    If the size class needed happens to be the same as the size class the pool
    last had, some pool initialization can be skipped.
Block Management
Blocks within pools are again carved out as needed.  pool->freeblock points to
the start of a singly-linked list of free blocks within the pool.  When a
block is freed, it's inserted at the front of its pool's freeblock list.  Note
that the available blocks in a pool are *not* linked all together when a pool
is initialized.  Instead only "the first two" (lowest addresses) blocks are
set up, returning the first such block, and setting pool->freeblock to a
one-block list holding the second such block.  This is consistent with that
pymalloc strives at all levels (arena, pool, and block) never to touch a piece
of memory until it's actually needed.
So long as a pool is in the used state, we're certain there *is* a block
available for allocating, and pool->freeblock is not NULL.  If pool->freeblock
points to the end of the free list before we've carved the entire pool into
blocks, that means we simply haven't yet gotten to one of the higher-address
blocks.  The offset from the pool_header to the start of "the next" virgin
block is stored in the pool_header nextoffset member, and the largest value
of nextoffset that makes sense is stored in the maxnextoffset member when a
pool is initialized.  All the blocks in a pool have been passed out at least
once when and only when nextoffset > maxnextoffset.
Major obscurity:  While the usedpools vector is declared to have poolp
entries, it doesn't really.  It really contains two pointers per (conceptual)
poolp entry, the nextpool and prevpool members of a pool_header.  The
excruciating initialization code below fools C so that
    usedpool[i+i]
"acts like" a genuine poolp, but only so long as you only reference its
nextpool and prevpool members.  The "- 2*sizeof(block *)" gibberish is
compensating for that a pool_header's nextpool and prevpool members
immediately follow a pool_header's first two members:
    union { block *_padding;
            uint count; } ref;
    block *freeblock;
each of which consume sizeof(block *) bytes.  So what usedpools[i+i] really
contains is a fudged-up pointer p such that *if* C believes it's a poolp
pointer, then p->nextpool and p->prevpool are both p (meaning that the headed
circular list is empty).
It's unclear why the usedpools setup is so convoluted.  It could be to
minimize the amount of cache required to hold this heavily-referenced table
(which only *needs* the two interpool pointer members of a pool_header). OTOH,
referencing code has to remember to "double the index" and doing so isn't
free, usedpools[0] isn't a strictly legal pointer, and we're crucially relying
on that C doesn't insert any padding anywhere in a pool_header at or before
the prevpool member.
**************************************************************************** */
#define PTA(x)  ((poolp )((uchar *)&(usedpools[2*(x)]) - 2*sizeof(block *)))
#define PT(x)   PTA(x), PTA(x)
static poolp usedpools[2 * ((NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES + 7) / 8) * 8] = {
    PT(0), PT(1), PT(2), PT(3), PT(4), PT(5), PT(6), PT(7)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 8
    , PT(8), PT(9), PT(10), PT(11), PT(12), PT(13), PT(14), PT(15)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 16
    , PT(16), PT(17), PT(18), PT(19), PT(20), PT(21), PT(22), PT(23)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 24
    , PT(24), PT(25), PT(26), PT(27), PT(28), PT(29), PT(30), PT(31)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 32
    , PT(32), PT(33), PT(34), PT(35), PT(36), PT(37), PT(38), PT(39)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 40
    , PT(40), PT(41), PT(42), PT(43), PT(44), PT(45), PT(46), PT(47)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 48
    , PT(48), PT(49), PT(50), PT(51), PT(52), PT(53), PT(54), PT(55)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 56
    , PT(56), PT(57), PT(58), PT(59), PT(60), PT(61), PT(62), PT(63)
#if NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 64
#error "NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES should be less than 64"
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 64 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 56 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 48 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 40 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 32 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 24 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES > 16 */
#endif /* NB_SMALL_SIZE_CLASSES >  8 */
};
/*==========================================================================
Arena management.
`arenas` is a vector of arena_objects.  It contains maxarenas entries, some of
which may not be currently used (== they're arena_objects that aren't
currently associated with an allocated arena).  Note that arenas proper are
separately malloc'ed.
Prior to Python 2.5, arenas were never free()'ed.  Starting with Python 2.5,
we do try to free() arenas, and use some mild heuristic strategies to increase
the likelihood that arenas eventually can be freed.
unused_arena_objects
    This is a singly-linked list of the arena_objects that are currently not
    being used (no arena is associated with them).  Objects are taken off the
    head of the list in new_arena(), and are pushed on the head of the list in
    PyObject_Free() when the arena is empty.  Key invariant:  an arena_object
    is on this list if and only if its .address member is 0.
    arena_object的单向链表，用.nextarena链接，.address为0
    刚从new_arena分配或者空闲的时候会加入该链表
usable_arenas
    This is a doubly-linked list of the arena_objects associated with arenas
    that have pools available.  These pools are either waiting to be reused,
    or have not been used before.  The list is sorted to have the most-
    allocated arenas first (ascending order based on the nfreepools member).
    This means that the next allocation will come from a heavily used arena,
    which gives the nearly empty arenas a chance to be returned to the system.
    In my unscientific tests this dramatically improved the number of arenas
    that could be freed.
    arena_object的双向链表，并且arena_object中有可用的pools。
    已分配出内存最多的arena排在前面，以便最空闲的arena有机会因为内存都被回收而被回收。
Note that an arena_object associated with an arena all of whose pools are
currently in use isn't on either list.
注意所有pools都被使用了的arena不会在这两个链表中。
*/
/* Array of objects used to track chunks of memory (arenas). */
static struct arena_object* arenas = NULL;
/* Number of slots currently allocated in the `arenas` vector. */
static uint maxarenas = 0;
/* The head of the singly-linked, NULL-terminated list of available
 * arena_objects.
 */
static struct arena_object* unused_arena_objects = NULL;
/* The head of the doubly-linked, NULL-terminated at each end, list of
 * arena_objects associated with arenas that have pools available.
 */
static struct arena_object* usable_arenas = NULL;
/* How many arena_objects do we initially allocate?
 * 16 = can allocate 16 arenas = 16 * ARENA_SIZE = 4MB before growing the
 * `arenas` vector.
 */
#define INITIAL_ARENA_OBJECTS 16
/* Number of arenas allocated that haven't been free()'d. */
static size_t narenas_currently_allocated = 0;
#ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG
/* Total number of times malloc() called to allocate an arena. */
static size_t ntimes_arena_allocated = 0;
/* High water mark (max value ever seen) for narenas_currently_allocated. */
static size_t narenas_highwater = 0;
#endif
/* Allocate a new arena.  If we run out of memory, return NULL.  Else
 * allocate a new arena, and return the address of an arena_object
 * describing the new arena.  It's expected that the caller will set
 * `usable_arenas` to the return value.
 */
static struct arena_object*
new_arena(void)
{
    struct arena_object* arenaobj;
    uint excess;        /* number of bytes above pool alignment */
    void *address;
    int err;
#ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG
    if (Py_GETENV("PYTHONMALLOCSTATS"))
        _PyObject_DebugMallocStats();
#endif
    /* Python初始化，或者所有的arenas都耗尽了 */
    if (unused_arena_objects == NULL) {
        uint i;
        uint numarenas;
        size_t nbytes;
        /* Double the number of arena objects on each allocation.
         * Note that it's possible for `numarenas` to overflow.
         */
        /* 每次分配arena的数量倍增 16 -> 32 */
        numarenas = maxarenas ? maxarenas << 1 : INITIAL_ARENA_OBJECTS;
        /* 溢出导致不能再分配arena了 */
        if (numarenas <= maxarenas)
            return NULL;                /* overflow */
#if SIZEOF_SIZE_T <= SIZEOF_INT
        if (numarenas > PY_SIZE_MAX / sizeof(*arenas))
            return NULL;                /* overflow */
#endif
        nbytes = numarenas * sizeof(*arenas);
        arenaobj = (struct arena_object *)realloc(arenas, nbytes);
        if (arenaobj == NULL)
            return NULL;
        arenas = arenaobj;
        /* We might need to fix pointers that were copied.  However,
         * new_arena only gets called when all the pages in the
         * previous arenas are full.  Thus, there are *no* pointers
         * into the old array. Thus, we don't have to worry about
         * invalid pointers.  Just to be sure, some asserts:
         */
        /* usable_arenas 和 unused_arena_objects 都为空。
         * 所有的pools都分配出去了，才会导致申请新的arena
         */ 
        assert(usable_arenas == NULL);
        assert(unused_arena_objects == NULL);
        /* Put the new arenas on the unused_arena_objects list. */
        for (i = maxarenas; i < numarenas; ++i) {
            arenas[i].address = 0;              /* mark as unassociated */
            arenas[i].nextarena = i < numarenas - 1 ?
                                   &arenas[i+1] : NULL;
        }
        /* Update globals. */
        unused_arena_objects = &arenas[maxarenas];
        maxarenas = numarenas;
    }
    /* Take the next available arena object off the head of the list. */
    assert(unused_arena_objects != NULL);
    arenaobj = unused_arena_objects;
    unused_arena_objects = arenaobj->nextarena;
    assert(arenaobj->address == 0);
    /* 分配1个arena的内存 64个POOL */
#ifdef ARENAS_USE_MMAP
    address = mmap(NULL, ARENA_SIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
                   MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    err = (address == MAP_FAILED);
#else
    address = malloc(ARENA_SIZE);
    err = (address == 0);
#endif    
    if (err) {
        /* The allocation failed: return NULL after putting the
         * arenaobj back.
         */
        arenaobj->nextarena = unused_arena_objects;
        unused_arena_objects = arenaobj;
        return NULL;
    }
    /* arena中的address就是分配的256KB内存的地址 */
    arenaobj->address = (uptr)address;
    ++narenas_currently_allocated;
#ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG
    ++ntimes_arena_allocated;
    if (narenas_currently_allocated > narenas_highwater)
        narenas_highwater = narenas_currently_allocated;
#endif
    /* 注意这里的freepools =  NULL */
    arenaobj->freepools = NULL;
    /* pool_address <- first pool-aligned address in the arena
       nfreepools <- number of whole pools that fit after alignment */
    arenaobj->pool_address = (block*)arenaobj->address;
    arenaobj->nfreepools = ARENA_SIZE / POOL_SIZE;
    assert(POOL_SIZE * arenaobj->nfreepools == ARENA_SIZE);
    /* 将arena的内存按照Pool对齐 */
    excess = (uint)(arenaobj->address & POOL_SIZE_MASK);
    if (excess != 0) {
        --arenaobj->nfreepools;
        arenaobj->pool_address += POOL_SIZE - excess;
    }
    arenaobj->ntotalpools = arenaobj->nfreepools;
    return arenaobj;
}
/*
Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(P, POOL)
Return true if and only if P is an address that was allocated by pymalloc.
POOL must be the pool address associated with P, i.e., POOL = POOL_ADDR(P)
(the caller is asked to compute this because the macro expands POOL more than
once, and for efficiency it's best for the caller to assign POOL_ADDR(P) to a
variable and pass the latter to the macro; because Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE is
called on every alloc/realloc/free, micro-efficiency is important here).
Tricky:  Let B be the arena base address associated with the pool, B =
arenas[(POOL)->arenaindex].address.  Then P belongs to the arena if and only if
    B <= P < B + ARENA_SIZE
Subtracting B throughout, this is true iff
    0 <= P-B < ARENA_SIZE
By using unsigned arithmetic, the "0 <=" half of the test can be skipped.
Obscure:  A PyMem "free memory" function can call the pymalloc free or realloc
before the first arena has been allocated.  `arenas` is still NULL in that
case.  We're relying on that maxarenas is also 0 in that case, so that
(POOL)->arenaindex < maxarenas  must be false, saving us from trying to index
into a NULL arenas.
Details:  given P and POOL, the arena_object corresponding to P is AO =
arenas[(POOL)->arenaindex].  Suppose obmalloc controls P.  Then (barring wild
stores, etc), POOL is the correct address of P's pool, AO.address is the
correct base address of the pool's arena, and P must be within ARENA_SIZE of
AO.address.  In addition, AO.address is not 0 (no arena can start at address 0
(NULL)).  Therefore Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE correctly reports that obmalloc
controls P.
Now suppose obmalloc does not control P (e.g., P was obtained via a direct
call to the system malloc() or realloc()).  (POOL)->arenaindex may be anything
in this case -- it may even be uninitialized trash.  If the trash arenaindex
is >= maxarenas, the macro correctly concludes at once that obmalloc doesn't
control P.
Else arenaindex is < maxarena, and AO is read up.  If AO corresponds to an
allocated arena, obmalloc controls all the memory in slice AO.address :
AO.address+ARENA_SIZE.  By case assumption, P is not controlled by obmalloc,
so P doesn't lie in that slice, so the macro correctly reports that P is not
controlled by obmalloc.
Finally, if P is not controlled by obmalloc and AO corresponds to an unused
arena_object (one not currently associated with an allocated arena),
AO.address is 0, and the second test in the macro reduces to:
    P < ARENA_SIZE
If P >= ARENA_SIZE (extremely likely), the macro again correctly concludes
that P is not controlled by obmalloc.  However, if P < ARENA_SIZE, this part
of the test still passes, and the third clause (AO.address != 0) is necessary
to get the correct result:  AO.address is 0 in this case, so the macro
correctly reports that P is not controlled by obmalloc (despite that P lies in
slice AO.address : AO.address + ARENA_SIZE).
Note:  The third (AO.address != 0) clause was added in Python 2.5.  Before
2.5, arenas were never free()'ed, and an arenaindex < maxarena always
corresponded to a currently-allocated arena, so the "P is not controlled by
obmalloc, AO corresponds to an unused arena_object, and P < ARENA_SIZE" case
was impossible.
Note that the logic is excruciating, and reading up possibly uninitialized
memory when P is not controlled by obmalloc (to get at (POOL)->arenaindex)
creates problems for some memory debuggers.  The overwhelming advantage is
that this test determines whether an arbitrary address is controlled by
obmalloc in a small constant time, independent of the number of arenas
obmalloc controls.  Since this test is needed at every entry point, it's
extremely desirable that it be this fast.
Since Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE may be reading from memory which was not allocated
by Python, it is important that (POOL)->arenaindex is read only once, as
another thread may be concurrently modifying the value without holding the
GIL.  To accomplish this, the arenaindex_temp variable is used to store
(POOL)->arenaindex for the duration of the Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE macro's
execution.  The caller of the macro is responsible for declaring this
variable.
*/
#define Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(P, POOL)                    \
    ((arenaindex_temp = (POOL)->arenaindex) < maxarenas &&              \
     (uptr)(P) - arenas[arenaindex_temp].address < (uptr)ARENA_SIZE && \
     arenas[arenaindex_temp].address != 0)
/* This is only useful when running memory debuggers such as
 * Purify or Valgrind.  Uncomment to use.
 *
#define Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
 */
#ifdef Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
/* Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE may access uninitialized memory by design
 * This leads to thousands of spurious warnings when using
 * Purify or Valgrind.  By making a function, we can easily
 * suppress the uninitialized memory reads in this one function.
 * So we won't ignore real errors elsewhere.
 *
 * Disable the macro and use a function.
 */
#undef Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
#if defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__ == 3) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1) || \
                          (__GNUC__ >= 4))
#define Py_NO_INLINE __attribute__((__noinline__))
#else
#define Py_NO_INLINE
#endif
/* Don't make static, to try to ensure this isn't inlined. */
int Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(void *P, poolp pool) Py_NO_INLINE;
#undef Py_NO_INLINE
#endif
/*==========================================================================*/
/* malloc.  Note that nbytes==0 tries to return a non-NULL pointer, distinct
 * from all other currently live pointers.  This may not be possible.
 */
/*
 * The basic blocks are ordered by decreasing execution frequency,
 * which minimizes the number of jumps in the most common cases,
 * improves branching prediction and instruction scheduling (small
 * block allocations typically result in a couple of instructions).
 * Unless the optimizer reorders everything, being too smart...
 */
#undef PyObject_Malloc
void *
PyObject_Malloc(size_t nbytes)
{
    block *bp;
    poolp pool;
    poolp next;
    uint size;
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
    if (UNLIKELY(running_on_valgrind == -1))
        running_on_valgrind = RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND;
    if (UNLIKELY(running_on_valgrind))
        goto redirect;
#endif
    /*
     * Limit ourselves to PY_SSIZE_T_MAX bytes to prevent security holes.
     * Most python internals blindly use a signed Py_ssize_t to track
     * things without checking for overflows or negatives.
     * As size_t is unsigned, checking for nbytes < 0 is not required.
     */
    if (nbytes > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)
        return NULL;
    /*
     * This implicitly redirects malloc(0).
     */
    /* 等同于 0 < nbytes <= SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD */
    if ((nbytes - 1) < SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD) {
        LOCK();
        /*
         * Most frequent paths first
         */
        size = (uint)(nbytes - 1) >> ALIGNMENT_SHIFT;
        pool = usedpools[size + size];
        /* usedpools是一个环状链表 */
        if (pool != pool->nextpool) {
            /*
             * There is a used pool for this size class.
             * Pick up the head block of its free list.
             */
            ++pool->ref.count;
            /* freeblock 是一个链表。freeblock是头，
             * 每个指针存储在可分配单元的第一个block中 
             */
            bp = pool->freeblock;
            assert(bp != NULL);
            /* freeblock不为空 */
            if ((pool->freeblock = *(block **)bp) != NULL) {
                UNLOCK();
                return (void *)bp;
            }
            /*
             * Reached the end of the free list, try to extend it.
             */
            /* 至少还有1个size的block可供分配 */
            if (pool->nextoffset <= pool->maxnextoffset) {
                /* There is room for another block. */
                pool->freeblock = (block*)pool +
                                  pool->nextoffset;
                pool->nextoffset += INDEX2SIZE(size);
                *(block **)(pool->freeblock) = NULL;
                UNLOCK();
                return (void *)bp;
            }
            /* Pool is full, unlink from used pools. */
            /* Pool都分配出去了，从used pools中拆除去 */
            next = pool->nextpool;
            pool = pool->prevpool;
            next->prevpool = pool;
            pool->nextpool = next;
            UNLOCK();
            return (void *)bp;
        }
        /* There isn't a pool of the right size class immediately
         * available:  use a free pool.
         */
        /* 没有空闲的pool，也没有空闲的arena */
        if (usable_arenas == NULL) {
            /* No arena has a free pool:  allocate a new arena. */
#ifdef WITH_MEMORY_LIMITS
            if (narenas_currently_allocated >= MAX_ARENAS) {
                UNLOCK();
                goto redirect;
            }
#endif
            usable_arenas = new_arena();
            if (usable_arenas == NULL) {
                UNLOCK();
                goto redirect;
            }
            usable_arenas->nextarena =
                usable_arenas->prevarena = NULL;
        }
        assert(usable_arenas->address != 0);
        /* Try to get a cached free pool. */
        pool = usable_arenas->freepools;
        /* arena不是新分配的，新分配的arena.freepools == NULL */
        if (pool != NULL) {
            /* Unlink from cached pools. */
            usable_arenas->freepools = pool->nextpool;
            /* This arena already had the smallest nfreepools
             * value, so decreasing nfreepools doesn't change
             * that, and we don't need to rearrange the
             * usable_arenas list.  However, if the arena has
             * become wholly allocated, we need to remove its
             * arena_object from usable_arenas.
             */
            /* arena都分配出去了，从usable_arenas中拆除 */
            --usable_arenas->nfreepools;
            if (usable_arenas->nfreepools == 0) {
                /* Wholly allocated:  remove. */
                assert(usable_arenas->freepools == NULL);
                assert(usable_arenas->nextarena == NULL ||
                       usable_arenas->nextarena->prevarena ==
                       usable_arenas);
                usable_arenas = usable_arenas->nextarena;
                if (usable_arenas != NULL) {
                    usable_arenas->prevarena = NULL;
                    assert(usable_arenas->address != 0);
                }
            }
            else {
                /* nfreepools > 0:  it must be that freepools
                 * isn't NULL, or that we haven't yet carved
                 * off all the arena's pools for the first
                 * time.
                 */
                assert(usable_arenas->freepools != NULL ||
                       usable_arenas->pool_address <=
                       (block*)usable_arenas->address +
                           ARENA_SIZE - POOL_SIZE);
            }
        init_pool:
            /* Frontlink to used pools. */
            next = usedpools[size + size]; /* == prev */
            pool->nextpool = next;
            pool->prevpool = next;
            next->nextpool = pool;
            next->prevpool = pool;
            pool->ref.count = 1;
            /* 正好回收的pool的szidx和这次用于分配的size一样 
             * 不需要初始化了
             */
            if (pool->szidx == size) {
                /* Luckily, this pool last contained blocks
                 * of the same size class, so its header
                 * and free list are already initialized.
                 */
                bp = pool->freeblock;
                pool->freeblock = *(block **)bp;
                UNLOCK();
                return (void *)bp;
            }
            /*
             * Initialize the pool header, set up the free list to
             * contain just the second block, and return the first
             * block.
             */
            pool->szidx = size;
            size = INDEX2SIZE(size);
            bp = (block *)pool + POOL_OVERHEAD;
            pool->nextoffset = POOL_OVERHEAD + (size << 1);
            pool->maxnextoffset = POOL_SIZE - size;
            pool->freeblock = bp + size;
            *(block **)(pool->freeblock) = NULL;
            UNLOCK();
            return (void *)bp;
        }
        /* Carve off a new pool. */
        /* 从usable_arenas中找到一个空闲的Pool */
        assert(usable_arenas->nfreepools > 0);
        assert(usable_arenas->freepools == NULL);
        /* pool_address空闲的POOL的地址 */
        pool = (poolp)usable_arenas->pool_address;
        assert((block*)pool <= (block*)usable_arenas->address +
                               ARENA_SIZE - POOL_SIZE);
        /* pool 所在的arena在arenas的下标就是当前usable_arenas相对arenas的偏移 */
        pool->arenaindex = usable_arenas - arenas;
        assert(&arenas[pool->arenaindex] == usable_arenas);
        /* 0xFFFF */
        pool->szidx = DUMMY_SIZE_IDX;
        usable_arenas->pool_address += POOL_SIZE;
        --usable_arenas->nfreepools;
        if (usable_arenas->nfreepools == 0) {
            /* usable_arenas中的arena是双向链表 */
            assert(usable_arenas->nextarena == NULL ||
                   usable_arenas->nextarena->prevarena ==
                   usable_arenas);
            /* Unlink the arena:  it is completely allocated. */
            usable_arenas = usable_arenas->nextarena;
            if (usable_arenas != NULL) {
                usable_arenas->prevarena = NULL;
                assert(usable_arenas->address != 0);
            }
        }
        goto init_pool;
    }
    /* The small block allocator ends here. */
redirect:
    /* Redirect the original request to the underlying (libc) allocator.
     * We jump here on bigger requests, on error in the code above (as a
     * last chance to serve the request) or when the max memory limit
     * has been reached.
     */
    if (nbytes == 0)
        nbytes = 1;
    return (void *)malloc(nbytes);
}
/* free */
#undef PyObject_Free
ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
void
PyObject_Free(void *p)
{
    poolp pool;
    block *lastfree;
    poolp next, prev;
    uint size;
#ifndef Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
    uint arenaindex_temp;
#endif
    if (p == NULL)      /* free(NULL) has no effect */
        return;
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
    if (UNLIKELY(running_on_valgrind > 0))
        goto redirect;
#endif
    /* 向上对齐4K，找到所在的Pool的地址 */
    pool = POOL_ADDR(p);
    /* p是通过pool分配出去的，只需证明p在pool所在的arena的地址内:
     * 1. pool->arenaindex <= maxarenas 确实至少分配了这么多arena
     * 2. 0 < p <= arenas[pool->arenaindex].address + ARENA_SIZE
     */
    if (Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(p, pool)) {
        /* We allocated this address. */
        LOCK();
        /* Link p to the start of the pool's freeblock list.  Since
         * the pool had at least the p block outstanding, the pool
         * wasn't empty (so it's already in a usedpools[] list, or
         * was full and is in no list -- it's not in the freeblocks
         * list in any case).
         */
        assert(pool->ref.count > 0);            /* else it was empty */
        /* 将p放入freeblock链表头部 
         * 将前一个链表的头元素地址放入p的内存中
         */
        *(block **)p = lastfree = pool->freeblock;
        pool->freeblock = (block *)p;
        /* pool现在至少有2个分配单元: lastfree不为空1个，刚放入的1个 */
        if (lastfree) {
            struct arena_object* ao;
            uint nf;  /* ao->nfreepools */
            /* freeblock wasn't NULL, so the pool wasn't full,
             * and the pool is in a usedpools[] list.
             */
             /* 
              * pool没有full，且至少还有内存被分配出去: usable状态
              */
            if (--pool->ref.count != 0) {
                /* pool isn't empty:  leave it in usedpools */
                UNLOCK();
                return;
            }
            /* Pool is now empty:  unlink from usedpools, and
             * link to the front of freepools.  This ensures that
             * previously freed pools will be allocated later
             * (being not referenced, they are perhaps paged out).
             */
            /* pool的内存都回收了: empty状态
             * 将其从usedpools中去除
             */
            next = pool->nextpool;
            prev = pool->prevpool;
            next->prevpool = prev;
            prev->nextpool = next;
            /* Link the pool to freepools.  This is a singly-linked
             * list, and pool->prevpool isn't used there.
             */
            /* Pool放入到对应的arena->freepools中 */
            ao = &arenas[pool->arenaindex];
            pool->nextpool = ao->freepools;
            ao->freepools = pool;
            nf = ++ao->nfreepools;
            /* All the rest is arena management.  We just freed
             * a pool, and there are 4 cases for arena mgmt:
             * 1. If all the pools are free, return the arena to
             *    the system free().
             * 2. If this is the only free pool in the arena,
             *    add the arena back to the `usable_arenas` list.
             * 3. If the "next" arena has a smaller count of free
             *    pools, we have to "slide this arena right" to
             *    restore that usable_arenas is sorted in order of
             *    nfreepools.
             * 4. Else there's nothing more to do.
             */
            /* 1. 所有pool的内存都没有分配出去，则可以将1个arena的内存全部释放
             *    注意并不是释放arena_object，而是里面的address标记的256KB内存
             * 2. 只有1个空闲的Pool，则将arena放到usable_arenas链表的最后
             * 3. 重新排序usable_arenas，让空闲Pool多的排在后面不容易再被分配出去，
             *    使其有更大的可能整体被回收
             * 4. 无
             */
            if (nf == ao->ntotalpools) {
                /* Case 1.  First unlink ao from usable_arenas.
                 */
                assert(ao->prevarena == NULL ||
                       ao->prevarena->address != 0);
                assert(ao ->nextarena == NULL ||
                       ao->nextarena->address != 0);
                /* Fix the pointer in the prevarena, or the
                 * usable_arenas pointer.
                 */
                /* 
                 * 将arena从链表中拆出来 
                 */
                if (ao->prevarena == NULL) {
                    usable_arenas = ao->nextarena;
                    assert(usable_arenas == NULL ||
                           usable_arenas->address != 0);
                }
                else {
                    assert(ao->prevarena->nextarena == ao);
                    ao->prevarena->nextarena =
                        ao->nextarena;
                }
                /* Fix the pointer in the nextarena. */
                if (ao->nextarena != NULL) {
                    assert(ao->nextarena->prevarena == ao);
                    ao->nextarena->prevarena =
                        ao->prevarena;
                }
                /* Record that this arena_object slot is
                 * available to be reused.
                 */
                /* 放入unused_arena_objects链表中 */
                ao->nextarena = unused_arena_objects;
                unused_arena_objects = ao;
                /* Free the entire arena. */
                /* 释放其中的ARENA_SIZE内存 */
#ifdef ARENAS_USE_MMAP
                munmap((void *)ao->address, ARENA_SIZE);
#else
                free((void *)ao->address);
#endif
                ao->address = 0;                        /* mark unassociated */
                --narenas_currently_allocated;
                UNLOCK();
                return;
            }
            if (nf == 1) {
                /* Case 2.  Put ao at the head of
                 * usable_arenas.  Note that because
                 * ao->nfreepools was 0 before, ao isn't
                 * currently on the usable_arenas list.
                 */
                /* 当nf==1时，说明在释放刚才的Pool之前，整个arena的pools都被分配出去了，
                 * 所以之前肯定不在usabel_arenas中，于是放入usable_arenas表的最前面，即:
                 * 越满的越被容易再次分配出去
                 */
                ao->nextarena = usable_arenas;
                ao->prevarena = NULL;
                if (usable_arenas)
                    usable_arenas->prevarena = ao;
                usable_arenas = ao;
                assert(usable_arenas->address != 0);
                UNLOCK();
                return;
            }
            /* If this arena is now out of order, we need to keep
             * the list sorted.  The list is kept sorted so that
             * the "most full" arenas are used first, which allows
             * the nearly empty arenas to be completely freed.  In
             * a few un-scientific tests, it seems like this
             * approach allowed a lot more memory to be freed.
             */
            if (ao->nextarena == NULL ||
                         nf <= ao->nextarena->nfreepools) {
                /* Case 4.  Nothing to do. */
                UNLOCK();
                return;
            }
            /* Case 3:  We have to move the arena towards the end
             * of the list, because it has more free pools than
             * the arena to its right.
             * First unlink ao from usable_arenas.
             */
            if (ao->prevarena != NULL) {
                /* ao isn't at the head of the list */
                assert(ao->prevarena->nextarena == ao);
                ao->prevarena->nextarena = ao->nextarena;
            }
            else {
                /* ao is at the head of the list */
                assert(usable_arenas == ao);
                usable_arenas = ao->nextarena;
            }
            ao->nextarena->prevarena = ao->prevarena;
            /* Locate the new insertion point by iterating over
             * the list, using our nextarena pointer.
             */
            while (ao->nextarena != NULL &&
                            nf > ao->nextarena->nfreepools) {
                ao->prevarena = ao->nextarena;
                ao->nextarena = ao->nextarena->nextarena;
            }
            /* Insert ao at this point. */
            assert(ao->nextarena == NULL ||
                ao->prevarena == ao->nextarena->prevarena);
            assert(ao->prevarena->nextarena == ao->nextarena);
            ao->prevarena->nextarena = ao;
            if (ao->nextarena != NULL)
                ao->nextarena->prevarena = ao;
            /* Verify that the swaps worked. */
            assert(ao->nextarena == NULL ||
                      nf <= ao->nextarena->nfreepools);
            assert(ao->prevarena == NULL ||
                      nf > ao->prevarena->nfreepools);
            assert(ao->nextarena == NULL ||
                ao->nextarena->prevarena == ao);
            assert((usable_arenas == ao &&
                ao->prevarena == NULL) ||
                ao->prevarena->nextarena == ao);
            UNLOCK();
            return;
        }
        /* Pool was full, so doesn't currently live in any list:
         * link it to the front of the appropriate usedpools[] list.
         * This mimics LRU pool usage for new allocations and
         * targets optimal filling when several pools contain
         * blocks of the same size class.
         */
        /* Pool所在的arena没有被回收，Pool有部分内存被分配出去 */
        --pool->ref.count;
        assert(pool->ref.count > 0);            /* else the pool is empty */
        size = pool->szidx;
        next = usedpools[size + size];
        prev = next->prevpool;
        /* insert pool before next:   prev <-> pool <-> next */
        pool->nextpool = next;
        pool->prevpool = prev;
        next->prevpool = pool;
        prev->nextpool = pool;
        UNLOCK();
        return;
    }
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
redirect:
#endif
    /* We didn't allocate this address. */
    free(p);
}
/* realloc.  If p is NULL, this acts like malloc(nbytes).  Else if nbytes==0,
 * then as the Python docs promise, we do not treat this like free(p), and
 * return a non-NULL result.
 */
#undef PyObject_Realloc
ATTRIBUTE_NO_ADDRESS_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
void *
PyObject_Realloc(void *p, size_t nbytes)
{
    void *bp;
    poolp pool;
    size_t size;
#ifndef Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
    uint arenaindex_temp;
#endif
    if (p == NULL)
        return PyObject_Malloc(nbytes);
    /*
     * Limit ourselves to PY_SSIZE_T_MAX bytes to prevent security holes.
     * Most python internals blindly use a signed Py_ssize_t to track
     * things without checking for overflows or negatives.
     * As size_t is unsigned, checking for nbytes < 0 is not required.
     */
    if (nbytes > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)
        return NULL;
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
    /* Treat running_on_valgrind == -1 the same as 0 */
    if (UNLIKELY(running_on_valgrind > 0))
        goto redirect;
#endif
    pool = POOL_ADDR(p);
    if (Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(p, pool)) {
        /* We're in charge of this block */
        size = INDEX2SIZE(pool->szidx);
        /* 收缩内存至少75%才实际操作 */
        if (nbytes <= size) {
            /* The block is staying the same or shrinking.  If
             * it's shrinking, there's a tradeoff:  it costs
             * cycles to copy the block to a smaller size class,
             * but it wastes memory not to copy it.  The
             * compromise here is to copy on shrink only if at
             * least 25% of size can be shaved off.
             */
            if (4 * nbytes > 3 * size) {
                /* It's the same,
                 * or shrinking and new/old > 3/4.
                 */
                return p;
            }
            size = nbytes;
        }
        bp = PyObject_Malloc(nbytes);
        if (bp != NULL) {
            memcpy(bp, p, size);
            PyObject_Free(p);
        }
        return bp;
    }
#ifdef WITH_VALGRIND
 redirect:
#endif
    /* We're not managing this block.  If nbytes <=
     * SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD, it's tempting to try to take over this
     * block.  However, if we do, we need to copy the valid data from
     * the C-managed block to one of our blocks, and there's no portable
     * way to know how much of the memory space starting at p is valid.
     * As bug 1185883 pointed out the hard way, it's possible that the
     * C-managed block is "at the end" of allocated VM space, so that
     * a memory fault can occur if we try to copy nbytes bytes starting
     * at p.  Instead we punt:  let C continue to manage this block.
     */
    if (nbytes)
        return realloc(p, nbytes);
    /* C doesn't define the result of realloc(p, 0) (it may or may not
     * return NULL then), but Python's docs promise that nbytes==0 never
     * returns NULL.  We don't pass 0 to realloc(), to avoid that endcase
     * to begin with.  Even then, we can't be sure that realloc() won't
     * return NULL.
     */
    bp = realloc(p, 1);
    return bp ? bp : p;
}
#else   /* ! WITH_PYMALLOC */
/*==========================================================================*/
/* pymalloc not enabled:  Redirect the entry points to malloc.  These will
 * only be used by extensions that are compiled with pymalloc enabled. */
void *
PyObject_Malloc(size_t n)
{
    return PyMem_MALLOC(n);
}
void *
PyObject_Realloc(void *p, size_t n)
{
    return PyMem_REALLOC(p, n);
}
void
PyObject_Free(void *p)
{
    PyMem_FREE(p);
}
#endif /* WITH_PYMALLOC */
#ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG
/*==========================================================================*/
/* A x-platform debugging allocator.  This doesn't manage memory directly,
 * it wraps a real allocator, adding extra debugging info to the memory blocks.
 */
/* Special bytes broadcast into debug memory blocks at appropriate times.
 * Strings of these are unlikely to be valid addresses, floats, ints or
 * 7-bit ASCII.
 */
#undef CLEANBYTE
#undef DEADBYTE
#undef FORBIDDENBYTE
#define CLEANBYTE      0xCB    /* clean (newly allocated) memory */
#define DEADBYTE       0xDB    /* dead (newly freed) memory */
#define FORBIDDENBYTE  0xFB    /* untouchable bytes at each end of a block */
/* We tag each block with an API ID in order to tag API violations */
#define _PYMALLOC_MEM_ID 'm'   /* the PyMem_Malloc() API */
#define _PYMALLOC_OBJ_ID 'o'   /* The PyObject_Malloc() API */
static size_t serialno = 0;     /* incremented on each debug {m,re}alloc */
/* serialno is always incremented via calling this routine.  The point is
 * to supply a single place to set a breakpoint.
 */
static void
bumpserialno(void)
{
    ++serialno;
}
#define SST SIZEOF_SIZE_T
/* Read sizeof(size_t) bytes at p as a big-endian size_t. */
static size_t
read_size_t(const void *p)
{
    const uchar *q = (const uchar *)p;
    size_t result = *q++;
    int i;
    for (i = SST; --i > 0; ++q)
        result = (result << 8) | *q;
    return result;
}
/* Write n as a big-endian size_t, MSB at address p, LSB at
 * p + sizeof(size_t) - 1.
 */
static void
write_size_t(void *p, size_t n)
{
    uchar *q = (uchar *)p + SST - 1;
    int i;
    for (i = SST; --i >= 0; --q) {
        *q = (uchar)(n & 0xff);
        n >>= 8;
    }
}
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
/* Is target in the list?  The list is traversed via the nextpool pointers.
 * The list may be NULL-terminated, or circular.  Return 1 if target is in
 * list, else 0.
 */
static int
pool_is_in_list(const poolp target, poolp list)
{
    poolp origlist = list;
    assert(target != NULL);
    if (list == NULL)
        return 0;
    do {
        if (target == list)
            return 1;
	lst->nextpool;
    } while (list != NULL && list != origlist);
    return 0;
}
#else
#define pool_is_in_list(X, Y) 1
#endif  /* Py_DEBUG */
/* Let S = sizeof(size_t).  The debug malloc asks for 4*S extra bytes and
   fills them with useful stuff, here calling the underlying malloc's result p:
p[0: S]
    Number of bytes originally asked for.  This is a size_t, big-endian (easier
    to read in a memory dump).
p[S: 2*S]
    Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE.  Used to catch under- writes and reads.
p[2*S: 2*S+n]
    The requested memory, filled with copies of CLEANBYTE.
    Used to catch reference to uninitialized memory.
    &p[2*S] is returned.  Note that this is 8-byte aligned if pymalloc
    handled the request itself.
p[2*S+n: 2*S+n+S]
    Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE.  Used to catch over- writes and reads.
p[2*S+n+S: 2*S+n+2*S]
    A serial number, incremented by 1 on each call to _PyObject_DebugMalloc
    and _PyObject_DebugRealloc.
    This is a big-endian size_t.
    If "bad memory" is detected later, the serial number gives an
    excellent way to set a breakpoint on the next run, to capture the
    instant at which this block was passed out.
*/
/* debug replacements for the PyMem_* memory API */
void *
_PyMem_DebugMalloc(size_t nbytes)
{
    return _PyObject_DebugMallocApi(_PYMALLOC_MEM_ID, nbytes);
}
void *
_PyMem_DebugRealloc(void *p, size_t nbytes)
{
    return _PyObject_DebugReallocApi(_PYMALLOC_MEM_ID, p, nbytes);
}
void
_PyMem_DebugFree(void *p)
{
    _PyObject_DebugFreeApi(_PYMALLOC_MEM_ID, p);
}
/* debug replacements for the PyObject_* memory API */
void *
_PyObject_DebugMalloc(size_t nbytes)
{
    return _PyObject_DebugMallocApi(_PYMALLOC_OBJ_ID, nbytes);
}
void *
_PyObject_DebugRealloc(void *p, size_t nbytes)
{
    return _PyObject_DebugReallocApi(_PYMALLOC_OBJ_ID, p, nbytes);
}
void
_PyObject_DebugFree(void *p)
{
    _PyObject_DebugFreeApi(_PYMALLOC_OBJ_ID, p);
}
void
_PyObject_DebugCheckAddress(const void *p)
{
    _PyObject_DebugCheckAddressApi(_PYMALLOC_OBJ_ID, p);
}
/* generic debug memory api, with an "id" to identify the API in use */
void *
_PyObject_DebugMallocApi(char id, size_t nbytes)
{
    uchar *p;           /* base address of malloc'ed block */
    uchar *tail;        /* p + 2*SST + nbytes == pointer to tail pad bytes */
    size_t total;       /* nbytes + 4*SST */
    bumpserialno();
    total = nbytes + 4*SST;
    if (total < nbytes)
        /* overflow:  can't represent total as a size_t */
        return NULL;
    p = (uchar *)PyObject_Malloc(total);
    if (p == NULL)
        return NULL;
    /* at p, write size (SST bytes), id (1 byte), pad (SST-1 bytes) */
    write_size_t(p, nbytes);
    p[SST] = (uchar)id;
    memset(p + SST + 1 , FORBIDDENBYTE, SST-1);
    if (nbytes > 0)
        memset(p + 2*SST, CLEANBYTE, nbytes);
    /* at tail, write pad (SST bytes) and serialno (SST bytes) */
    tail = p + 2*SST + nbytes;
    memset(tail, FORBIDDENBYTE, SST);
    write_size_t(tail + SST, serialno);
    return p + 2*SST;
}
/* The debug free first checks the 2*SST bytes on each end for sanity (in
   particular, that the FORBIDDENBYTEs with the api ID are still intact).
   Then fills the original bytes with DEADBYTE.
   Then calls the underlying free.
*/
void
_PyObject_DebugFreeApi(char api, void *p)
{
    uchar *q = (uchar *)p - 2*SST;  /* address returned from malloc */
    size_t nbytes;
    if (p == NULL)
        return;
    _PyObject_DebugCheckAddressApi(api, p);
    nbytes = read_size_t(q);
    nbytes += 4*SST;
    if (nbytes > 0)
        memset(q, DEADBYTE, nbytes);
    PyObject_Free(q);
}
void *
_PyObject_DebugReallocApi(char api, void *p, size_t nbytes)
{
    uchar *q = (uchar *)p;
    uchar *tail;
    size_t total;       /* nbytes + 4*SST */
    size_t original_nbytes;
    int i;
    if (p == NULL)
        return _PyObject_DebugMallocApi(api, nbytes);
    _PyObject_DebugCheckAddressApi(api, p);
    bumpserialno();
    original_nbytes = read_size_t(q - 2*SST);
    total = nbytes + 4*SST;
    if (total < nbytes)
        /* overflow:  can't represent total as a size_t */
        return NULL;
    if (nbytes < original_nbytes) {
        /* shrinking:  mark old extra memory dead */
        memset(q + nbytes, DEADBYTE, original_nbytes - nbytes + 2*SST);
    }
    /* Resize and add decorations. We may get a new pointer here, in which
     * case we didn't get the chance to mark the old memory with DEADBYTE,
     * but we live with that.
     */
    q = (uchar *)PyObject_Realloc(q - 2*SST, total);
    if (q == NULL)
        return NULL;
    write_size_t(q, nbytes);
    assert(q[SST] == (uchar)api);
    for (i = 1; i < SST; ++i)
        assert(q[SST + i] == FORBIDDENBYTE);
    q += 2*SST;
    tail = q + nbytes;
    memset(tail, FORBIDDENBYTE, SST);
    write_size_t(tail + SST, serialno);
    if (nbytes > original_nbytes) {
        /* growing:  mark new extra memory clean */
        memset(q + original_nbytes, CLEANBYTE,
               nbytes - original_nbytes);
    }
    return q;
}
/* Check the forbidden bytes on both ends of the memory allocated for p.
 * If anything is wrong, print info to stderr via _PyObject_DebugDumpAddress,
 * and call Py_FatalError to kill the program.
 * The API id, is also checked.
 */
 void
_PyObject_DebugCheckAddressApi(char api, const void *p)
{
    const uchar *q = (const uchar *)p;
    char msgbuf[64];
    char *msg;
    size_t nbytes;
    const uchar *tail;
    int i;
    char id;
    if (p == NULL) {
        msg = "didn't expect a NULL pointer";
        goto error;
    }
    /* Check the API id */
    id = (char)q[-SST];
    if (id != api) {
        msg = msgbuf;
        snprintf(msg, sizeof(msgbuf), "bad ID: Allocated using API '%c', verified using API '%c'", id, api);
        msgbuf[sizeof(msgbuf)-1] = 0;
        goto error;
    }
    /* Check the stuff at the start of p first:  if there's underwrite
     * corruption, the number-of-bytes field may be nuts, and checking
     * the tail could lead to a segfault then.
     */
    for (i = SST-1; i >= 1; --i) {
        if (*(q-i) != FORBIDDENBYTE) {
            msg = "bad leading pad byte";
            goto error;
        }
    }
    nbytes = read_size_t(q - 2*SST);
    tail = q + nbytes;
    for (i = 0; i < SST; ++i) {
        if (tail[i] != FORBIDDENBYTE) {
            msg = "bad trailing pad byte";
            goto error;
        }
    }
    return;
error:
    _PyObject_DebugDumpAddress(p);
    Py_FatalError(msg);
}
/* Display info to stderr about the memory block at p. */
void
_PyObject_DebugDumpAddress(const void *p)
{
    const uchar *q = (const uchar *)p;
    const uchar *tail;
    size_t nbytes, serial;
    int i;
    int ok;
    char id;
    fprintf(stderr, "Debug memory block at address p=%p:", p);
    if (p == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
        return;
    }
    id = (char)q[-SST];
    fprintf(stderr, " API '%c'\n", id);
    nbytes = read_size_t(q - 2*SST);
    fprintf(stderr, "    %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u bytes originally "
                    "requested\n", nbytes);
    /* In case this is nuts, check the leading pad bytes first. */
    fprintf(stderr, "    The %d pad bytes at p-%d are ", SST-1, SST-1);
    ok = 1;
    for (i = 1; i <= SST-1; ++i) {
        if (*(q-i) != FORBIDDENBYTE) {
            ok = 0;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (ok)
        fputs("FORBIDDENBYTE, as expected.\n", stderr);
    else {
        fprintf(stderr, "not all FORBIDDENBYTE (0x%02x):\n",
            FORBIDDENBYTE);
        for (i = SST-1; i >= 1; --i) {
            const uchar byte = *(q-i);
            fprintf(stderr, "        at p-%d: 0x%02x", i, byte);
            if (byte != FORBIDDENBYTE)
                fputs(" *** OUCH", stderr);
            fputc('\n', stderr);
        }
        fputs("    Because memory is corrupted at the start, the "
              "count of bytes requested\n"
              "       may be bogus, and checking the trailing pad "
              "bytes may segfault.\n", stderr);
    }
    tail = q + nbytes;
    fprintf(stderr, "    The %d pad bytes at tail=%p are ", SST, tail);
    ok = 1;
    for (i = 0; i < SST; ++i) {
        if (tail[i] != FORBIDDENBYTE) {
            ok = 0;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (ok)
        fputs("FORBIDDENBYTE, as expected.\n", stderr);
    else {
        fprintf(stderr, "not all FORBIDDENBYTE (0x%02x):\n",
                FORBIDDENBYTE);
        for (i = 0; i < SST; ++i) {
            const uchar byte = tail[i];
            fprintf(stderr, "        at tail+%d: 0x%02x",
                    i, byte);
            if (byte != FORBIDDENBYTE)
                fputs(" *** OUCH", stderr);
            fputc('\n', stderr);
        }
    }
    serial = read_size_t(tail + SST);
    fprintf(stderr, "    The block was made by call #%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T
                    "u to debug malloc/realloc.\n", serial);
    if (nbytes > 0) {
        i = 0;
        fputs("    Data at p:", stderr);
        /* print up to 8 bytes at the start */
        while (q < tail && i < 8) {
            fprintf(stderr, " %02x", *q);
            ++i;
            ++q;
        }
        /* and up to 8 at the end */
        if (q < tail) {
            if (tail - q > 8) {
                fputs(" ...", stderr);
                q = tail - 8;
            }
            while (q < tail) {
                fprintf(stderr, " %02x", *q);
                ++q;
            }
        }
        fputc('\n', stderr);
    }
}
static size_t
printone(const char* msg, size_t value)
{
    int i, k;
    char buf[100];
    size_t origvalue = value;
    fputs(msg, stderr);
    for (i = (int)strlen(msg); i < 35; ++i)
        fputc(' ', stderr);
    fputc('=', stderr);
    /* Write the value with commas. */
    i = 22;
    buf[i--] = '\0';
    buf[i--] = '\n';
    k = 3;
    do {
        size_t nextvalue = value / 10;
        unsigned int digit = (unsigned int)(value - nextvalue * 10);
        value = nextvalue;
        buf[i--] = (char)(digit + '0');
        --k;
        if (k == 0 && value && i >= 0) {
            k = 3;
            buf[i--] = ',';
        }
    } while (value && i >= 0);
    while (i >= 0)
        buf[i--] = ' ';
    fputs(buf, stderr);
    return origvalue;
}
/* Print summary info to stderr about the state of pymalloc's structures.
 * In Py_DEBUG mode, also perform some expensive internal consistency
 * checks.
 */
void
_PyObject_DebugMallocStats(void)
{
    uint i;
    const uint numclasses = SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD >> ALIGNMENT_SHIFT;
    /* # of pools, allocated blocks, and free blocks per class index */
    size_t numpools[SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD >> ALIGNMENT_SHIFT];
    size_t numblocks[SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD >> ALIGNMENT_SHIFT];
    size_t numfreeblocks[SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD >> ALIGNMENT_SHIFT];
    /* total # of allocated bytes in used and full pools */
    size_t allocated_bytes = 0;
    /* total # of available bytes in used pools */
    size_t available_bytes = 0;
    /* # of free pools + pools not yet carved out of current arena */
    uint numfreepools = 0;
    /* # of bytes for arena alignment padding */
    size_t arena_alignment = 0;
    /* # of bytes in used and full pools used for pool_headers */
    size_t pool_header_bytes = 0;
    /* # of bytes in used and full pools wasted due to quantization,
     * i.e. the necessarily leftover space at the ends of used and
     * full pools.
     */
    size_t quantization = 0;
    /* # of arenas actually allocated. */
    size_t narenas = 0;
    /* running total -- should equal narenas * ARENA_SIZE */
    size_t total;
    char buf[128];
    fprintf(stderr, "Small block threshold = %d, in %u size classes.\n",
            SMALL_REQUEST_THRESHOLD, numclasses);
    for (i = 0; i < numclasses; ++i)
        numpools[i] = numblocks[i] = numfreeblocks[i] = 0;
    /* Because full pools aren't linked to from anything, it's easiest
     * to march over all the arenas.  If we're lucky, most of the memory
     * will be living in full pools -- would be a shame to miss them.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < maxarenas; ++i) {
        uint j;
        uptr base = arenas[i].address;
        /* Skip arenas which are not allocated. */
        if (arenas[i].address == (uptr)NULL)
            continue;
        narenas += 1;
        numfreepools += arenas[i].nfreepools;
        /* round up to pool alignment */
        if (base & (uptr)POOL_SIZE_MASK) {
            arena_alignment += POOL_SIZE;
            base &= ~(uptr)POOL_SIZE_MASK;
            base += POOL_SIZE;
        }
        /* visit every pool in the arena */
        assert(base <= (uptr) arenas[i].pool_address);
        for (j = 0;
                    base < (uptr) arenas[i].pool_address;
                    ++j, base += POOL_SIZE) {
            poolp p = (poolp)base;
            const uint sz = p->szidx;
            uint freeblocks;
            if (p->ref.count == 0) {
                /* currently unused */
                assert(pool_is_in_list(p, arenas[i].freepools));
                continue;
            }
            ++numpools[sz];
            numblocks[sz] += p->ref.count;
            freeblocks = NUMBLOCKS(sz) - p->ref.count;
            numfreeblocks[sz] += freeblocks;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
            if (freeblocks > 0)
                assert(pool_is_in_list(p, usedpools[sz + sz]));
#endif
        }
    }
    assert(narenas == narenas_currently_allocated);
    fputc('\n', stderr);
    fputs("class   size   num pools   blocks in use  avail blocks\n"
          "-----   ----   ---------   -------------  ------------\n",
          stderr);
    for (i = 0; i < numclasses; ++i) {
        size_t p = numpools[i];
        size_t b = numblocks[i];
        size_t f = numfreeblocks[i];
        uint size = INDEX2SIZE(i);
        if (p == 0) {
            assert(b == 0 && f == 0);
            continue;
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "%5u %6u "
                        "%11" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u "
                        "%15" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u "
                        "%13" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u\n",
                i, size, p, b, f);
        allocated_bytes += b * size;
        available_bytes += f * size;
        pool_header_bytes += p * POOL_OVERHEAD;
        quantization += p * ((POOL_SIZE - POOL_OVERHEAD) % size);
    }
    fputc('\n', stderr);
    (void)printone("# times object malloc called", serialno);
    (void)printone("# arenas allocated total", ntimes_arena_allocated);
    (void)printone("# arenas reclaimed", ntimes_arena_allocated - narenas);
    (void)printone("# arenas highwater mark", narenas_highwater);
    (void)printone("# arenas allocated current", narenas);
    PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
        "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u arenas * %d bytes/arena",
        narenas, ARENA_SIZE);
    (void)printone(buf, narenas * ARENA_SIZE);
    fputc('\n', stderr);
    total = printone("# bytes in allocated blocks", allocated_bytes);
    total += printone("# bytes in available blocks", available_bytes);
    PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
        "%u unused pools * %d bytes", numfreepools, POOL_SIZE);
    total += printone(buf, (size_t)numfreepools * POOL_SIZE);
    total += printone("# bytes lost to pool headers", pool_header_bytes);
    total += printone("# bytes lost to quantization", quantization);
    total += printone("# bytes lost to arena alignment", arena_alignment);
    (void)printone("Total", total);
}
#endif  /* PYMALLOC_DEBUG */
#ifdef Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
/* Make this function last so gcc won't inline it since the definition is
 * after the reference.
 */
int
Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE(void *P, poolp pool)
{
    uint arenaindex_temp = pool->arenaindex;
    return arenaindex_temp < maxarenas &&
           (uptr)P - arenas[arenaindex_temp].address < (uptr)ARENA_SIZE &&
           arenas[arenaindex_temp].address != 0;
}
#endifist